Our understanding of fish ecology and ability to manage populations require accurate data on species occurrence, abundance, body-size distribution and behaviour. Remote video-based sampling methods are increasingly being adopted due to: (i) their non-destructive nature, (ii) ability to sample rare species (Harvey et al. 2018; Goetze et al. 2019), over broad depth ranges (Heyns-Veale et al. 2016; Wellington et al. 2018), (iii) provision of a permanent record that can be reviewed to reduce interobserver variability (Cappo et al. 2009), (iv) ability to collect concomitant data on habitat (Bennett et al. 2016; e.g. epibenthic cover and substrate, Collins et al. 2017), and (v) provision of images for science communication. Remote underwater video sampling methods are not subject to diver safety restrictions, nor do they suffer from the behavioural biases resulting from diver presence (Lindfield et al. 2014; Gray et al. 2016). Multiple remote systems can be deployed in the field consecutively to make efficient use of field time and enable spatially-extensive sampling (Langlois et al. 2012c).
The use of bait with remote underwater video (BRUV) systems increases the relative abundance and diversity of fishes observed, particularly species targeted by fisheries, without precluding the sampling of fishes not attracted to bait (Harvey et al. 2007; Coghlan et al. 2017; Speed et al. 2019). Biases associated with bait use have been discussed in various studies (Dorman, Harvey & Newman 2012; Hardinge et al. 2013; Goetze et al. 2015; Coghlan et al. 2017). Variation in bait plume dispersal and the sensitivity of different fish species to bait is unknown (Harvey et al. 2007), and likely species-specific, with cryptic and sedentary species potentially under-represented (Watson et al. 2005; Stat et al. 2019). Despite these limitations, BRUVs have been shown to provide relative measures of species richness and abundance for a range of species in a diverse array of conditions and habitats (Cappo, Harvey & Shortis 2006).
BRUV systems with stereo-video cameras (stereo-BRUVs) enable precise measurements of body size (Harvey, Fletcher & Shortis 2001), which surpass estimates made by divers (Harvey et al. 2001). Both length and biomass distribution data are recognised as essential metrics for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management reporting (Langlois, Harvey & Meeuwig 2012b). Importantly, stereo-BRUVs provide comparable body-size distribution data to fisheries-dependent methods such as trawls (Cappo, Speare & De’ath 2004), hook and line (Langlois et al. 2012a), and trap fishing (Langlois et al. 2015). Despite being considered unsuitable for estimating density, stereo-BRUVs provide a cost-effective and statistically powerful method to detect spatio-temporal changes in the relative abundance, length, and biomass distribution of fish assemblages (Harvey et al. 2013; Malcolm et al. 2015; Bornt et al. 2015). However, in over 260 studies using stereo-BRUVS for a range of objectives (Supp 1), Whitmarsh, Fairweather & Huveneers (2017) found widespread variation in methodology, which may prevent interoperability of the data.
We provide a widely accepted protocol for the use of benthic stereo-BRUVs including information on design, field operation, image annotation, data validation, archiving and synthesis. By providing a standardised protocol for stereo-BRUV surveys, we aim to reduce variation in methodologies among researchers, and encourage the use of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reproducible (FAIR, Wilkinson et al. 2016) workflows to increase the ability to synthesise datasets and answer broad-scale ecological questions.
Supp. 1: BRUV studies by topic.
259 studies found using baited underwater cameras showing the purpose of the study. Papers were included in the analysis if published in peer-reviewed literature, bait was used in one or more replicates and if video footage was used rather than still images. The last search (finding 254 studies) was conducted on the 27/05/2019 using the keywords ‘baited’ and ‘video’ or ‘BRUVS’, on Google Scholar, Scopus, Proquest (Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts), Biological Abstracts. Extra studies known to the authors were added. The Other category includes studies focusing on anthropogenic stressors, artificial structures, and diurnal changes. Number below show the total number of studies in that category. Individual studies may be included in more than one category.
| Behavioural (63 studies) (Ellis & DeMartini 1995; Willis & Babcock 2000; Willis, Millar & Babcock 2000; Collins et al. 2002; Denny, Willis & Babcock 2004; Jamieson et al. 2006; Bailey et al. 2007; Stoner, Laurel & Hurst 2008; Jamieson et al. 2009; Broad et al. 2010; Fujii et al. 2010; McLean et al. 2010; Ryer, Laurel & Stoner 2010; Brooks et al. 2011; Dunstan, Ward & Marshall 2011; Gutteridge et al. 2011; McLean, Harvey & Meeuwig 2011; Robbins, Peddemors & Kennelly 2011; Zintzen et al. 2011; Bond et al. 2012; Misa et al. 2013; White et al. 2013; Barord et al. 2014; Dunlop et al. 2014; Espinoza et al. 2014; Harasti et al. 2014; Klages et al. 2014; Santana-Garcon et al. 2014b; Udyawer et al. 2014; Barley et al. 2015; Bornt et al. 2015; D'Onghia et al. 2015b; De Vos et al. 2015; Malcolm et al. 2015; Ryan et al. 2015; Stobart et al. 2015; Terres et al. 2015; Harasti et al. 2016; Kempster et al. 2016; Spaet, Malcolm HA 2016; Nanninga & Berumen 2016; Acuña-Marrero et al. 2017; Cullen & Stevens 2017; Duffy, Letessier & Irving 2017; Kilfoil et al. 2017; Roberson et al. 2017; Wellington, Wakefield & White 2017; Alós et al. 2018; Benjamins et al. 2018; Devine, Wheeland & Fisher 2018; Fetterplace et al. 2018; Hammerschlag et al. 2018; Harasti et al. 2018b; Irigoyen et al. 2018; Jabado et al. 2018; Mensinger, Putland & Radford 2018; O'Connell et al. 2018; O’Driscoll et al. 2018; Radford, Putland & Mensinger 2018; Sherman et al. 2018; Chapuis et al. 2019; Juhel et al. 2019; Rolim, Rodrigues & Gadig 2019; Thompson, Bouchet & Meeuwig 2019) |
| Fishing impacts (80 studies): (Willis & Babcock 2000; Willis, Millar & Babcock 2000; Westera, Lavery & Hyndes 2003; Cappo, Speare & De'ath 2004; Denny & Babcock 2004; Denny, Willis & Babcock 2004; Cappo, De'ath & Speare 2007; Heagney et al. 2007; Malcolm et al. 2007; Watson et al. 2007; Kleczkowski, Babcock & Clapin 2008; Svane & Barnett 2008; Svane, Roberts & Saunders 2008; Watson et al. 2009; McLean et al. 2010; Goetze et al. 2011; McLean, Harvey & Meeuwig 2011; Bernard & Götz 2012; Bloomfield et al. 2012; Bond et al. 2012; Dorman, Harvey & Newman 2012; Harvey et al. 2012b; Langlois, Harvey & Meeuwig 2012; Fitzpatrick, McLean & Harvey 2013; Gardner & Struthers 2013; Goetze & Fullwood 2013; Moore et al. 2013; Poulos et al. 2013; Rees et al. 2013; Sackett et al. 2013; White et al. 2013; Wraith et al. 2013; De Vos et al. 2014; Dunlop, Barnes & Bailey 2014; Espinoza et al. 2014; Hill et al. 2014; Kelaher et al. 2014; Lindfield, McIlwain & Harvey 2014; Peters et al. 2014; Rizzari, Frisch & Connolly 2014; Santana-Garcon et al. 2014c; Stevens et al. 2014; Whitmarsh et al. 2014; Bornt et al. 2015; Bouchet & Meeuwig 2015; Coleman et al. 2015; Fitzpatrick et al. 2015; Goetze et al. 2015; Harasti et al. 2015; Howarth et al. 2015; Kelaher et al. 2015a; Kelaher et al. 2015b; Malcolm et al. 2015; McLaren et al. 2015; Roberson et al. 2015; Schultz et al. 2015; Stobart et al. 2015; Tanner & Williams 2015; Terres et al. 2015; Colefax, Haywood & Tibbetts 2016; Gilby, Tibbetts & Stevens 2016; Heyns-Veale et al. 2016; Jaiteh et al. 2016; Ochwada-Doyle, Johnson & Lowry 2016; Parker et al. 2016; Walsh, Barrett & Hill 2016; Barley, Meekan & Meeuwig 2017a; Díaz-Gil et al. 2017; Harasti et al. 2017; Tickler et al. 2017; Goetze et al. 2018; Harasti et al. 2018b; Hill et al. 2018; Juhel et al. 2018; Malcolm et al. 2018; Mensinger, Putland & Radford 2018; Rees et al. 2018; Speed, Cappo & Meekan 2018; Harasti et al. 2019; Henderson et al. 2019; Juhel et al. 2019; Ortodossi et al. 2019; Prior et al. 2019 |
| Spatial and habitat associations (79 studies): (Cappo, De'ath & Speare 2007; Heagney et al. 2007; Malcolm et al. 2007; Gomelyuk 2009; Watson & Harvey 2009; Westera et al. 2009; Chatfield et al. 2010; McLean et al. 2010; Moore, Harvey & Van Niel 2010; Ryer, Laurel & Stoner 2010; Cappo et al. 2011; Jeffreys et al. 2011; Malcolm, Jordan & Smith 2011; McIlwain et al. 2011; Merritt et al. 2011; Moore, Van Niel & Harvey 2011; Colton & Swearer 2012; Fitzpatrick et al. 2012; Harvey et al. 2012a; Harvey et al. 2012c; Langlois et al. 2012b; Schultz et al. 2012; Zintzen et al. 2012; Harvey et al. 2013; Poulos et al. 2013; Rees et al. 2013; Espinoza et al. 2014; Morton & Gladstone 2014; Schultz et al. 2014; Bacheler & Shertzer 2015; Pearson & Stevens 2015; Schultz et al. 2015; Scott et al. 2015; Tanner & Williams 2015; Andradi-Brown et al. 2016; Gilby et al. 2016; Hesse, Stanley & Jeffs 2016; Heyns-Veale et al. 2016; Lindfield et al. 2016; McLean et al. 2016; Vargas-Fonseca et al. 2016; Vergés et al. 2016; Walsh, Barrett & Hill 2016; Yates et al. 2016; Asher, Williams & Harvey 2017; Babcock et al. 2017; Barley, Meekan & Meeuwig 2017a; Benzeev, Hutchinson & Friess 2017; Borland et al. 2017; Ford, Stewart & Roberts 2017; Galaiduk et al. 2017a; Galaiduk et al. 2017b; Galaiduk et al. 2017c; Henderson et al. 2017; Lavaleye et al. 2017; Linley et al. 2017; Logan et al. 2017; Oh et al. 2017; Schmid et al. 2017; Tickler et al. 2017; Zintzen et al. 2017; Abesamis et al. 2018; Alós et al. 2018; Esteban et al. 2018; Ferrari et al. 2018a; Ferrari et al. 2018b; Ford & Roberts 2018; Galaiduk, Radford & Harvey 2018; Goetze et al. 2018; Hammerschlag et al. 2018; Harasti et al. 2018a; Irigoyen et al. 2018; Kiggins, Knott & Davis 2018; Rees, Knott & Davis 2018; Wellington et al. 2018; Bach et al. 2019; Clarke et al. 2019; Gilby et al. 2019; Hale et al. 2019; Reis-Filho et al. 2019; Schultz et al. 2019; Williams et al. 2019) |
| Methods (within BRUVS)(40 studies): (Watson et al. 2005; Harvey et al. 2007; Stobart et al. 2007; Lowry, Folpp & Gregson 2011; Bernard & Götz 2012; Dorman, Harvey & Newman 2012; Gladstone et al. 2012; Harvey et al. 2012a; Ebner & Morgan 2013; Fitzpatrick, McLean & Harvey 2013; Hardinge et al. 2013; Letessier et al. 2013; Taylor, Baker & Suthers 2013; Wraith et al. 2013; De Vos et al. 2014; Hannah & Blume 2014; Santana-Garcon, Newman & Harvey 2014; Unsworth et al. 2014; Anderson & Santana-Garcon 2015; Campbell et al. 2015; Harasti et al. 2015; Letessier et al. 2015; Rees et al. 2015; Stobart et al. 2015; Tanner & Williams 2015; Trobbiani & Venerus 2015; Ghazilou, Shokri & Gladstone 2016b; Ghazilou, Shokri & Gladstone 2016a; Misa et al. 2016; Walsh, Barrett & Hill 2016; Watson & Huntington 2016; Cundy et al. 2017; Kilfoil et al. 2017; Schmid et al. 2017; Trave et al. 2017; Benjamins et al. 2018; Sherman et al. 2018; Whitmarsh, Huveneers & Fairweather 2018; Clarke et al. 2019; Whitmarsh, Fairweather & Huveneers 2019; Wong et al. 2019) |
| Methods (comparisons to other methods)(45 studies): (Ellis & DeMartini 1995; Willis & Babcock 2000; Willis, Millar & Babcock 2000; Cappo, Speare & De'ath 2004; Watson et al. 2005; Stobart et al. 2007; Colton & Swearer 2010; Langlois et al. 2010; Watson et al. 2010; Brooks et al. 2011; Lowry et al. 2011; Pelletier et al. 2011; Colton & Swearer 2012; Harvey et al. 2012c; Langlois et al. 2012a; Lowry et al. 2012; Ebner & Morgan 2013; Gardner & Struthers 2013; Wakefield et al. 2013; Rizzari, Frisch & Connolly 2014; Santana-Garcon et al. 2014a; Ebner et al. 2015; Goetze et al. 2015; Langlois et al. 2015; McLaren et al. 2015; Stobart et al. 2015; Andradi-Brown et al. 2016; Ochwada-Doyle, Johnson & Lowry 2016; Parker et al. 2016; Pejdo et al. 2016; Spaet, Nanninga & Berumen 2016; Bacheler et al. 2017; Barley, Meekan & Meeuwig 2017b; Bosch et al. 2017; Bradley, Papastamatiou & Caselle 2017; Galaiduk et al. 2017a; Logan et al. 2017; Roberson et al. 2017; Boussarie et al. 2018; Davis, Larkin & Harasti 2018; Enchelmaier, Babcock & Hammerschlag 2018; Goetze et al. 2018; Hale et al. 2019; Stat et al. 2019; Wong et al. 2019) |
| Other (e.g. diel variation)(41 studies): (Yau et al. 2002; Smale et al. 2007; Svane & Barnett 2008; Svane, Roberts & Saunders 2008; Bassett & Montgomery 2011; Craig et al. 2011; Marouchos et al. 2011; McIlwain et al. 2011; Aguzzi et al. 2012; Birt, Harvey & Langlois 2012; Harvey et al. 2012a; Harvey et al. 2012b; Fitzpatrick, McLean & Harvey 2013; Folpp et al. 2013; Ruppert et al. 2013; Anderson & Bell 2014; Lowry et al. 2014; Peters et al. 2014; Unsworth et al. 2014; Anderson & Santana-Garcon 2015; D'Onghia et al. 2015a; Kelaher et al. 2015a; Kelaher et al. 2015b; Scott et al. 2015; Ghazilou, Shokri & Gladstone 2016b; Griffin et al. 2016; Roberts, Pérez-Domínguez & Elliott 2016; Vargas-Fonseca et al. 2016; Benzeev, Hutchinson & Friess 2017; Díaz-Gil et al. 2017; Nagelkerken et al. 2017; Bond et al. 2018; Florisson et al. 2018; Irigoyen et al. 2018; Mensinger, Putland & Radford 2018; Olds et al. 2018; Radford, Putland & Mensinger 2018; Reynolds et al. 2018; Chapuis et al. 2019; Henderson et al. 2019; Whitmarsh, Fairweather & Huveneers 2019) |
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